Executive Function

What are executive function skills?

Have you ever heard of executive function skills? They are an incredibly important set of skills we use every single day! Executive function skills combine motor, sensory, communication, and cognitive skills we've developed in early childhood. Beginning at a very young age, we apply this combination of skills to daily activities and situations, such as playing, learning, and socializing. Overall, they help us accomplish important things and reach new achievements.

When Executive Function Skills Develop

Executive function skills begin developing in infancy. We first start to use these skills at a very young age, possibly before our first birthday. Executive function in early childhood becomes increasingly important in social and school settings, and continues to develop and change throughout our lives due to learning and life experiences.

Key Areas of Executive Function

There are three main areas of executive function skills: working memory, self-control, and mental flexibility. All three are important for children to grow into well-rounded individuals!

1. Working Memory

The ability to hold, remember, and manipulate information over short periods. For instance, a child uses working memory to remember multi-step instructions or follow the rules of a game.

2. Self-Control

Also known as inhibitory control, self-control is the ability to think about what to do before doing it, with control over our reaction. It involves regulating thoughts and behaviors and resisting impulses. This skill helps children pause and think before acting, such as waiting their turn during a game.

3. Mental Flexibility

Sometimes referred to as cognitive flexibility, this is the ability to adapt to changing situations and perspectives. It allows children to switch between tasks or think about multiple concepts simultaneously.

How to Support Executive Function Development

Parents and caregivers play a vital role in developing executive function skills. Here are some ways to help your child develop them:

• Establish Routines: Consistent daily schedules help children understand expectations and manage time effectively.

• Encourage Play: Activities that require planning, problem-solving, and adaptability, such as building with blocks or role-playing, support executive function.

• Model Behavior: Demonstrating self-control, organization, and flexible thinking gives children examples to replicate in their own life.

• Provide Opportunities for Choice: Allowing children to make decisions encourages independence and critical thinking.

By understanding and supporting executive function development, you can help your children navigate challenges and achieve success in many areas of their lives! See the below resources for more information on how to support and improve executive function in kids.