What is Executive Function?

Executive function skills combine motor, sensory, communication, and cognitive skills we've developed in early childhood — an incredibly important set of skills we use every single day. They begin developing in infancy, possibly before Baby's first birthday, become increasingly important in social and school settings, and continue to develop throughout our lives. Overall, they help us accomplish important things and reach new achievements.

⚑ How Executive Function Develops

There are three main areas of executive function skills — all three are important for children to grow into well-rounded individuals!

1. Working Memory

Working memory is the ability to hold, remember, and use information over short periods of time. A child draws on working memory when they follow multi-step instructions, remember the rules of a game, or recall what they were just asked to do. It's the mental sticky note that keeps us on track.

2. Self-Control

Also known as inhibitory control — thinking about what to do before doing it, regulating thoughts and behaviors, and resisting impulses. It helps children pause and think, like waiting their turn during a game.

3. Mental Flexibility

Sometimes called cognitive flexibility — adapting to changing situations and perspectives, switching between tasks, or thinking about multiple concepts at once.

✋Helping Executive Function Skills Grow

Parents and caregivers play a vital role in developing executive function skills. Here are some ways to help:

• Establish routines. Consistent daily schedules help children understand expectations and manage time effectively.

• Encourage play. Activities that require planning, problem-solving, and adaptability — like building with blocks or role-playing — support executive function.

• Model behavior. Demonstrating self-control, organization, and flexible thinking gives children examples to replicate.

• Provide opportunities for choice. Allowing children to make decisions encourages independence and critical thinking.

♡ When to Get Support with Executive Function

Executive function skills develop gradually and every child's pace is different. Talk to your child's healthcare provider if your child consistently struggles, beyond what's typical for their age, with following simple directions, focusing on short activities, adapting when plans change, or managing impulses and big reactions. Early support makes a real difference.

If you suspect a developmental delay, your pediatrician or your local early intervention office can point you in the right direction.